B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is often characterized by gene fusions of transcription factors such as ETV6-RUNX1 or tyrosine kinases such as BCR-ABL1. Novel gene fusions harboring the transcription factor MEF2D with various partner genes have been identified in 2016.1 The estimated frequency of MEF2D fusions in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed ALL is 2-6%, of which the MEF2D-BCL9 fusion is most commonly found.1–4 Patients harboring a MEF2D fusion have a poor prognosis (5-year event-free survival of ~55%). They present with unfavorable clinical characteristics including an older age of onset (median ranging between 9 and 14 years) and a high white blood cell count (median 27.3x106 cells/mL).1,3,4 Molecular characteristics are differential CD5 and CD10 expression compared to other B-ALL subtypes, along with increased HDAC9 expression and a higher frequency of deletions and mutations in CDKN2A/B and PHF6, respectively.1,3,4 Primary leukemic cells of B-ALL patients generally do not replicate ex vivo, which makes functional studies difficult. However, occasionally prolonged culturing of leukemic cells is successful; well-known examples are Reh (ETV6-RUNX1), SupB15 (BCR-ABL1), and RCH-ACV (TCF3-PBX1)5–7 cell lines. A retrospective study recently identified MEF2D fusions in 19 non-publicly available B-ALL cell lines with limited molecular and functional characterization.2 In this study, we characterize an in-house made patient-derived MEF2D fusion positive B-ALL cell line, named M4A1-M2B9, and compare the characteristics to its corresponding primary material. The patient-derived cell line is comparable to the primary material when examining mutations in the exome, gene expression, the immunophenotype, and sensitivity to drugs that do not affect division and/or cell cycle. These results imply that M4A1-M2B9 is a valuable resource to examine novel therapeutics targeting MEF2D fusion proteins or downstream targets activated by MEF2D, as well as to study immunotherapy options for B-ALL.
In accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, written informed consent to use excess diagnostic material for research purposes was obtained from parents or guardians, as approved by the medical Ethics Committee of the Erasmus Medical Center. All used reagents and primers are described in the Online Supplementary Table S1. We used paired-end stranded total RNA illumina sequencing (RNAseq) after riboRNA depletion with fragments of 150 bp to detect gene expression differences. Paired-end whole exome sequencing (WES) was used to detect variants and copy number alterations in the coding regions. Sequencing data are deposited at the European Genome-Phenome Archive (EGA) (RNA sequencing: EGAD00001009759, WES: EGAD00001009758). Primary cells were expanded after intrafemoral injection in NOD scid γ mice, leukemic burden was tested every 2-4 weeks in peripheral blood and the cells were harvested from the spleen upon overt leukemia. Cells were seeded in a 96-wells plate and medium was replaced every 3-4 days until visible cell growth. Afterwards, cells were routinely cultured. Cell survival of primary human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC derived from a B-ALL patient at day 79) was measured after 4 days of co-culturing by harvesting and staining the cells followed by flow cytometry (Beckman Coulter). The viability after 4 days of drug or ligand exposure was measured using MTT. In all experiments, the blast percentage of the primary samples was ≥90% at the start of the experiment. M4A1-M2B9 has been deposited at DSMZ for future distribution.
A 15-year-old male patient was diagnosed with B-ALL harboring a MEF2D-BCL9 fusion, a biallelic CDKN2A/B deletion, and presenting a high white blood cell count of ~150x106 cells/mL (Online Supplementary Figure S1A-C). The leukemic cells had a pretreatment karyotype of 46~48,XY,del(1)(q21),-9,del(9)(p1?2),+1~3mar,inc[6]/46,XY [15] and a cytoplasmic μ chain-positive pre-B immunophenotype (CD19+/CD20-/CD10+/CD45dim/CD34-/CD38+).
The patient was treated according to ALL10 high-risk protocol. The patient initially responded poorly to therapy having a high minimal residual disease (MRD) level (>1%) at day 33, however, at day 79 the MRD level was positive but not quantifiable. The patient received stem cell transplantation and has been in continuous complete remission for >6 years till last follow-up. We established a patient-derived cell line in which we studied the dependence on external factors, specifically serum dependence, stromal support, and addition of cytokines. M4A1-M2B9 was derived from bone marrow leukemic cells which were used for intrafemoral injection, the mouse was sacrificed after 53 days and 86% of the harvested spleen-derived cells were blasts. Within 1 month of culturing in primary medium, the spleen-derived cells were dividing and were split every 3-4 days. In 2.5 months, the cells grew from 0.4 million to 80 million (Figure 1A). The presence of the MEF2D fusion was confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We compared the growth speed of M4A1-M2B9 in our primary medium, containing 20% fetal calf serum (FCS) and supplemented with insulin, transferrin, and selenium (ITS), with our standard cell line medium containing either 10% or 20% FCS lacking ITS. M4A1-M2B9 is serum-dependent, the cells died in the culture with 10% FCS but grew in primary medium and cell line medium containing 20% FCS (Figure 1B). In addition, we studied the survival and cell proliferation of the primary material and M4A1-M2B9 in an ex vivo leukemic niche using a coculture with MSC.8 As expected, the primary material showed improved survival after co-culture on MSC, whereas M4A1-M2B9 showed equal survival with or without MSC support (Figure 1C, D). Moreover, we evaluated the effect of adding cytokines to M4A1-M2B9 and the primary material. IL7, TSLP and FLT3L were added as single supplement or in combination, as these cytokines stimulate common B-ALL activated pathways.9 Both M4A1-M2B9 and primary material benefited up to 30% from the addition of FLT3L, however, the primary material had a benefit of 70% from the cytokine cocktail and benefited from multiple cytokine combinations (Figure 1E). In addition to the dependence on external factors, we studied genetic and immunophenotypic differences between the primary material and M4A1-M2B9. Global gene expression was similar for primary material and the cell line (Figure 2A) and resembled the MEF2D-specific gene expression signature identified by Ohki et al.4 (Figure 2B). Moreover, high expression of HDAC9 (Z-score=3.96/4.27), BCL9 (Z-score=3.01/1.98), and CD5 (Z-score=1.09/0.91), and low expression of CD10 (Z-score=-1.04/-1.20) was observed in the primary material and M4A1-M2B9 (Figure 2B; Online Supplementary Figure S1D). WES was used to detect leukemia-specific sequence variants and copy number alterations. Based on the variants and their allele frequencies, we conclude that the major clone of the initial material expanded in the patient-derived xenograft (PDX) (Figure 2C). The copy number alterations of the primary material and M4A1-M2B9 were comparable, and both contained a bi-allelic CDKN2A/B deletion (Figure 2D, E). In order to determine whether the cell surface marker expression remained stable upon cell line establishment, we performed immunophenotyping on viable cells using the cell surface markers CD5, CD10, CD19, CD22 and CD45. M4A1-M2B9 was 100% CD5-positive, while the primary material harbored 75% CD5-positive and 25% CD5-negative cells (Figure 2F). CD5 is often highly expressed on the cell surface of MEF2D fused B-ALL cells.4 In addition, CD10 and CD45 were expressed in the primary material, but were weaker and partially lost in the cell line. Expression of CD19 and CD22 varied slightly between the primary material and M4A1-M2B9 but both were stably expressed (Figure 2F). Together these results suggest that our MEFD2-BCL9-positive cell line represents the major clone of the primary material. In order to gain a better understanding of the state of cells in which the establishment of clonal selection occurred, the experiments should have been performed with the cells directly harvested from the PDX as well. Unfortunately, the number of blasts yielded from the spleen was insufficient to perform these experiments.
Finally, we determined whether the drug sensitivity of M4A1-M2B9 resembles the drug sensitivity of the primary leukemic cells. Sensitivity to drugs that do not directly affect the cell cycle nor DNA or RNA synthesis, such as prednisolone, dexamethasone, asparaginase and different pan-HDAC inhibitors, differed minimally between the primary material and M4A1-M2B9 (Figure 3A-D; Online Supplementary Figure S2). As expected, drugs which influence cell cycle or DNA/RNA synthesis such as vincristine, cytarabine, and daunorubicin affected the proliferating M4A1-M2B9 more than the primary material (Figure 3E-G).
In conclusion, the patient-derived MEF2D-BCL9-positive cell line is highly representative for the major clone of the primary material, showing similar gene expression, mutations, copy number alterations, and immunophenotype. Because the cell line proliferates, M4A1-M2B9 may better represent the drug sensitivity of leukemic cells in the patient, especially of drugs that affect cell cycle or DNA/RNA synthesis. M4A1-M2B9 facilitates functional studies, for example the development of targeted therapies directed against the MEF2D fusion protein or downstream targets, or CAR T products directed against CD5, which are currently being studied for patients with T-cell ALL.10 As MEF2D fusion protein-positive pediatric B-ALL is associated with high-risk features, such as high age, high white blood cell count, high MRD, and poor outcome,1,3 targeted therapy might improve the treatment of patients with a MEF2D fusion.
Footnotes
- Received November 18, 2022
- Accepted March 31, 2023
Correspondence
Disclosures
No conflicts of interest to disclose.
Contributions
This project was conceived by JMB and MLdB and conceptualized together with IvO and FMH. Experimental and computational analyses were performed by IvO, FMH, AQH, AB and SvdB. Data interpretation was performed by IvO, FMH, MLdB and JMB. The manuscript was drafted by IvO, FMH, MLdB and JMB. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.
Data-sharing statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the Data Access Committee Princess Maxima Center (e.g. https://ega-archive.org/datasets/EGAD00001009759 [RNAseq], https://ega-archive.org/datasets/EGAD00001009758 [WXS]). The data are not publicly available due to them containing information under controlled access.
Funding
References
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