Abstract
Monosomal karyotype confers a poor prognosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Here, we determined the impact of the type of remission-induction chemotherapy and the impact of having a donor in younger acute myeloid leukemia patients with a monosomal karyotype included in two phase III trials. In the first trial patients were randomized to receive either daunorubicin, mitoxantrone, or idarubicin in addition to standard-dose cytarabine and etoposide for induction chemotherapy. In the second trial patients were randomized to standard-dose cytarabine or high-dose cytarabine induction, both with daunorubicin and etoposide. In both trials, patients who achieved a complete remission with or without complete hematologic recovery underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation if they had a donor; otherwise, they underwent autologous transplantation. In comparison to patients with intermediate-risk cytogenetics without a monosomal karyotype (n=1,584) and with adverse cytogenetics without a monosomal karyotype (n=218), patients with a monosomal karyotype (n=188) were more likely not to achieve a complete remission with or without count recovery [odds ratio=2.85, 95% confidence interval (95%, CI): 2.10-3.88] and had shorter overall survival [hazard ratio, (HR)=2.44, 95% CI: 2.08-2.88]. There was no impact of the type of anthracycline or of the dose of cytarabine on outcomes in patients with a monosomal karyotype. Among monosomal karyo type patients who achieved a complete remission with or without count recovery, HLA-identical related donor availability was associated with longer survival from complete remission with or without count recovery (HR=0.59, 95% CI: 0.37-0.95). ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: AML-10: NCT00002549; AML-12: NCT00004128.Introduction
The prognosis of young adult patients with intermediate/high-risk acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) remains unsatisfactory. With current remission induction chemotherapy, 15-40% of such patients fail to achieve a complete remission (CR), and only 30-50% of them remain alive for more than 5 years.41 Approximately 55% of AML patients have at least one chromosomal abnormality that can be detected by conventional cytogenetics.5 In younger AML patients, the karyotype of leukemic cells has remained one of the main prognostic factors.65 Specifically, patients can be classified into a favorable, intermediate or adverse group.65 This classification not only provides information on prognosis, but also influences the choice of post-remission treatment.75 In 2008, Breems et al. identified a group of cytogenetic abnormalities, termed monosomal karyo type (MK), which was associated with a particularly poor prognosis.8 MK is defined as the presence of two or more autosomal monosomies, or a single monosomy in the presence of structural abnormalities.98
The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the type of remission-induction chemotherapy and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in younger AML patients with a MK, using the data from the European Organization for Research and Treatment on Cancer/Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell’Adulto (EORTC/GIMEMA) AML-10 and AML-12 phase III multicenter trials.
Methods
Study design
In the EORTC Leukemia Group/GIMEMA AML-10 trial,2 patients 15-60 years old were randomized to receive either daunorubicin (50 mg/m), mitoxantrone (12 mg/m), or idarubicin (10 mg/m) on days 1, 3 and 5 in addition to standard-dose cytarabine (25 mg/m bolus followed by 100 mg/m given as a continuous infusion daily for 10 days) and etoposide (100 mg/m on days 1-5) for induction chemotherapy.
In the EORTC Leukemia Group/GIMEMA AML-12 trial,1 patients 15-60 years old were randomized between standard-dose cytarabine induction: daunorubicin (50 mg/m per day on days 1, 3, and 5) plus etoposide (50 mg/m per day on days 1-5) plus 10 days of cytarabine (100 mg/m per day as a continuous intravenous infusion) and high-dose cytarabine induction: daunorubicin (50 mg/m on days 1, 3, and 5) plus etoposide (50 mg/m per day on days 1-5) plus cytarabine (3,000 mg/m every 12 h as a 3 h intravenous infusion on days 1, 3, 5, and 7).
In both trials, a second cycle of induction was administered to patients who achieved a partial response. Patients who achieved a CR or a CR with incomplete blood count recovery (CRi) after one or two courses of induction chemotherapy received consolidation chemotherapy with the same anthracycline as in the induction course plus intermediate-dose cytarabine (500 mg/m every 12 h as a 2 h intravenous infusion on days 1-6). Younger patients (<46 years in AML-10 and <50-60 years in AML-12) were then scheduled to undergo allogeneic HSCT in first CR/CRi if they had an HLA-identical family donor (in both trials) or if they had an unrelated donor and needed two induction courses to achieve a CR/CRi or had chromosome abnormalities involving 3q, 5, 7, 11q23, t(6;9), t(9;22) or complex abnormalities (in the AML-12 trial). Patients without a donor were scheduled to undergo autologous HSCT in first CR/CRi.
Ethics approval and consent to participation
This is a retrospective analysis limited to data from patients included in phase III multicenter prospective trials (either the EORTC/GIMEMA AML-10 or the EORTC/GIMEMA AML-12). Both prospective phase III trials were approved by the internal review boards of EORTC and GIMEMA and the ethical committee of each participating institution, and were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients signed the respective informed consent form.
Cytogenetic assessment
Cytogenetic examinations were performed at diagnosis. Cytogenetic data were centrally reviewed.2 For the current analysis, cytogenetics were centrally re-reviewed, described according to International System for Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN)10 and classified using the refined UK Medical Research Council (MRC) classification.6 MK was defined as the presence of two or more autosomal monosomies or a single monosomy in the presence of structural abnormalities, as introduced by Breems et al.8
Statistical analyses
The duration of overall survival (OS) was calculated from the date of randomization until death. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the OS rates.11 Confidence intervals for the 5-year OS rates were obtained using the normal approximation of the distribution of log[-log(survival)] and the Greenwood variance formula.12 The confidence interval of the median OS from CR/CRi was estimated based on the Brookmeyer and Crowley method.13 Log-rank tests and Cox models were used to compare OS between groups.14 Logistic regression was used to assess associations with CR/CRi achievement after induction. The analysis was stratified (in the case of survival analysis) or adjusted (in the case of logistic regression) by protocol when it included data from two trials. Multivariate Cox and logistic regression models were performed to assess the associations of MK and adverse MRC risk group with outcomes, adjusting for known prognostic factors. A Fisher exact test was used to investigate the association between two categorical variables. All reported P-values are two-sided. SAS 9.4 software (SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC, USA) was used for the statistical analyses.
Results
Patients
In the AML-10 trial, 2,157 patients were randomized to receive daunorubicin, mitoxantrone or idarubicin. The current analyses were performed in a subgroup of 911 patients for whom cytogenetic data were available and who did not have t(8;21), inv(16) or t(15;17); 696 of them were classified in the MRC intermediate cytogenetic risk group and 215 in the adverse group. Out of the 911 patients, 93 had a MK (5 with intermediate-risk cytogenetics and 88 with adverse risk) (Table 1, Figure 1). In the AML-12 trial, 1,942 patients were randomized between high-dose cytarabine or standard-dose cytarabine. The current analyses were performed in a subgroup of 1,079 patients for whom cytogenetic data were available and who did not have t(8;21), inv(16) or t(15;17); 896 of them were classified in the MRC intermediate cytogenetic risk group and 182 in the adverse-risk group (information was missing for 1 patient). Out of these 1,079 patients, 95 had a MK (4 with intermediate-risk cytogenetics and 91 with adverse-risk) (Table 1, Figure 1). The patients’ median follow up was 10.8 years in the whole population, 16.6 years among those in the AML-10 study and 9.9 years among AML-12 patients.
Table 1.Patients’ characteristics.
Figure 1.Flow chart of the patients included in the current analyses. MK: monosomal karyotype (MK−: without MK; MK+: with MK); OS: overall survival; CR/Cri: complete remission/complete remission with incomplete blood count recovery; Allo-HSCT: allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; Auto-HSCT: autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Monosomal karyotype is an independent poor prognostic factor in young acute myeloid leukemia patients
The impact of MK on AML outcomes was assessed by comparing outcomes of patients without MK and without adverse-risk cytogenetics (NotAdvMK, n=1,584), those without MK but with adverse-risk cytogenetics (AdvMK, n=218) and those with a MK (MK, n=188).
Achievement of complete response with or without blood count recovery
Patients with AdvMK [odds ratio (OR)=1.80, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.33-2.42] or MK (OR=3.09, 95% CI: 2.26-4.22) had a higher probability of not reaching a CR/CRi after induction compared to NotAdvMK patients (Table 2). CR/CRi was achieved in 76%, 63% and 50% of NotAdvMK, AdvMK and MK patients, respectively. Comparing MK to MK patients (NotAdvMK or AdvMK), the odds of not achieving a CR/CRi were almost three times higher (OR=2.85, 95% CI: 2.10-3.88) for MK patients. The probability of not achieving a CR/CRi was also significantly higher in MK than in AdvMK patients (OR=1.72, 95% CI: 1.15-2.57).
Table 2.Association between monosomal karyotype and Medical Research Council adverse-risk group and achievement of complete remission with or without hematologic recovery after induction.
In a multivariate logistic regression model including age, WHO Performance Status, and white blood cell count, AdvMK (OR 1.91, 95% CI: 1.41-2.59) and MK (OR 3.34, 95% CI: 2.42-4.59) were associated with higher probabilities of not achieving a CR/CRi compared to NotAdvMK (Table 2).
Overall survival
The 5-year OS rates were 39.1%, 24.1% and 7.2% in the NotAdvMK, AdvMK and MK patients, respectively (Figure 2A). The estimated hazard ratios comparing AdvMK and MK patients to NotAdvMK patients were 1.48 and 2.58, respectively (Table 3). Comparing MK to MK (NotAdvMK or AdvMK) and AdvMK patients, the estimates of the unadjusted hazard ratio were 2.44 (95% CI: 2.08-2.88) and 1.74 (95% CI: 1.41-2.15), respectively.
Figure 2.Impact of cytogenetic risk on overall survival and impact of randomization in patients with a monosomal karyotype. (A) Overall survival (OS) according to cytogenetic risk group. (B) OS from complete remission/complete remission with incomplete blood count recovery according to cytogenetic risk group. (C) OS according to randomized induction therapy in the AML-10 trial among patients with a monosomal karyotype. (D) OS according to randomized induction therapy in the AML-12 trial among patients with a monosomal karyotype. MK: monosomal karyotype; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; NotAdvMK−: not adverse cytogenetics excluding a monosomal karyotype; AdvMK−: adverse cytogenetics excluding a monosomal karyotype; MK+: monosomal karyotype.; DNR: daunorubicin; IDA: idarubicin; MTX: Methotrexate.
Table 3.Association between monosomal karyotype and Medical Research Council adverse-risk group and overall survival.
In a multivariate Cox model, in comparison to NotAdvMK patients, those with AdvMK (HR 1.51, 95% CI: 1.28-1.77) or MK (HR 2.71, 95% CI: 2.29-3.20) had a shorter OS (Table 3).
Overall survival from complete remission with or without hematologic recovery
The 5-year OS rates from CR/CRi were 48.5%, 35.5% and 11.4% in NotAdvMK, AdvMK and MK patients, respectively (Figure 2B). The estimated hazard ratios comparing AdvMK and MK patients to NotAdvMK patients were 1.50 and 2.87, respectively (Table 4). Comparing MK to MK (NotAdvMK or AdvMK) and AdvMK patients, the estimates of the hazard ratio were 2.73 (95% CI: 2.17-3.45) and 1.91 (95% CI: 1.42-2.57), respectively.
Table 4.Association between monosomal karyotype and Medical Research Council adverse-risk group and overall survival from complete remission with or without hematologic recovery.
In a multivariate Cox model, in comparison to NotAdvMK, AdvMK (HR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.23-1.88) and MK (HR 2.95, 95% CI: 2.32-3.74) were associated with shorter OS from CR/CRi (Table 4). In a sensitivity analysis, we modified the multivariate model by additionally stratifying it by donor availability. The results of this analysis were similar to those of the main analysis (HR=1.59, 95% CI: 1.28-1.98 for AdvMK versus NotAdvMK and HR=3.00, 95% CI: 2.35-3.82, for MK versus NotAdvMK).
No impact of the type of anthracycline on outcomes in patients with a monosomal karyotype
Response data were available for 91 out of 93 MK patients from the AML-10 trial. CR/CRi was reached after induction by 18 out of 32 patients in the daunorubicin arm (56%), 14 out of 28 patients (50%) in the mitoxantrone arm and 13 out of 31 (42%) patients in the idarubicin arm (P=0.54). The 5-year OS rates were 13.0% (95% CI: 4.1-27.1%) in daunorubicin patients, 6.7% (95% CI: 1.2-19.2%) in mitoxantrone patients, and 11.7% (95% CI: 3.1-26.6%) in idarubicin patients (Figure 2C). The 5-year OS rates from CR/CRi were 17.6% (95% CI: 4.3-38.3%) in daunorubicin patients, 11.5% (95% CI: 0.9-37.5%) in idarubicin patients and 14.3% (95% CI: 2.3-36.6%) in mitoxantrone patients (logrank P=0.53).
No benefit of high-dose cytarabine in patients with monosomal karyotype
Response data after induction were available for 93 out of 95 MK and 978 out of 984 MK patients from the AML-12 trial. MK (present vs. absent) was of predictive importance for the effect of high-dose cytarabine on the probability of reaching CR/CRi after induction (interaction test P-value: 0.01). MK patients randomized to the high-dose cytarabine arm were more likely to reach CR/CRi compared to those randomized to the standard-dose cytarabine arm (OR=1.51, 95% CI: 1.12-2.04; CR/CRi rate 80% vs. 73%, respectively). Among MK patients, 19 (1 without hematologic recovery and 2 with missing hematologic recovery data) out of 46 patients from the high-dose cytarabine arm and 28 (5 without hematologic recovery and 1 with missing hematologic recovery data) out of 47 patients in the standard-dose cytarabine arm reached CR/CRi. In other words, in MK patients the trend was even in a different direction (OR=0.48, 95% CI: 0.21-1.09; CR/CRi rate 41% in the high-dose cytarabine arm vs. 60% in the standard-dose cytarabine arm, P=0.080). Excluding six patients without hematologic recovery, the CR rate was 39% in the high-dose cytarabine arm versus 49% in the standard-dose cytarabine arm. Furthermore, among 38 patients with reported CR with a full hematologic recovery after induction, six (including 2 high-dose cytarabine and 4 standard-dose cytarabine patients) were reported not to have had a full hematologic recovery after consolidation.
Interestingly, no benefit of high-dose cytarabine on OS was observed in the subgroup of MK patients (HR=1.03, 95% CI: 0.68-1.57; P=0.88) (Figure 2D). The estimate of the hazard ratio for OS after CR/CRi among MK patients was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.44-1.53; P=0.53).
Having an HLA-identical related donor improved overall survival from complete remission in patients with a monosomal karyotype
A total of 92 MK patients achieved a CR/CRi on study. Among them, 35 patients had and 55 did not have an HLA-identical related donor (information was missing for 2 patients). Among those with an HLA related donor, 25 patients (71%) received an allogeneic HSCT, including 20 (57%) who were transplanted in first CR/CRi (Figure 1). In addition, 23 patients (including 22 without an HLA-matched related donor) underwent autologous HSCT in first CR/CRi.. The median time between CR/CRi and HSCT in first CR/CRi was 91 days for patients who received an autologous transplant (range, 42-167), 76 days for patients who received an allogeneic HSCT (range, 46-171), 91 days for patients without a donor (range: 42.0-171.0) and 71 days for patients with a donor (range, 46.0 -148.0). OS from CR/CRi was longer in patients with a donor than in those without, such that the 5-year OS rates following CR/CRi were 24.1% (95% CI: 11.4-39.3%) and 3.8% (95% CI: 0.7-11.5%), respectively (HR=0.59, 95% CI: 0.37-0.95) (Figure 3A).
Figure 3.Impact of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with a monosomal karyotype. (A) Overall survival from complete remission/complete remission with incomplete blood count recovery according to donor availability among patients with a monosomal karyotype. (B) Overall survival from hematopoietic stem cell transplantation by type of transplant among patients with a monosomal karyotype. HR: hazard ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; CR/Cri: complete remission/complete remission with incomplete blood count recovery; HSCT: hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; Auto-; autologous; RD allo-: related donor allogeneic.
Given the clinical importance of the observations described just above, we performed several sensitivity analyses to assess the impact of allogeneic HSCT on outcomes among MK patients. The exclusion of patients with a CRi had little impact on the estimated hazard ratio (HR=0.60, 95% CI: 0.37-0.98). The advantage of having an HLA-identical related donor remained present (HR=0.61, 95% CI: 0.38-0.99) after adjusting for patient’s age (< or ≥ 45 years old).
Furthermore, the size of the estimated treatment effect confirmed the benefit of allogeneic HSCT when the post-transplant survival of patients who received an allogeneic graft was compared to that of patients who received an autologous graft (HR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.26-1.12) (Figure 3B). Second, in a Cox model including allogeneic HSCT (modeled as a time-varying covariate) and age, and stratified by protocol, allogeneic HSCT was associated with a longer survival from CR/CRi (HR=0.61, 95% CI: 0.36-1.02).
Discussion
As demonstrated in this study, several other studies have established that the presence of a MK is associated with a particularly poor outcome in younger AML patients.17158 However, the number of studies regarding the best remission-induction regimens for MK AML patients as well as the impact of allogeneic HSCT on the outcomes of such patients have been the focus of only a few studies.1816 In order to investigate these important issues, we used the data concerning the MK patients included in the EORTC/GIMEMA AML-10 and AML-12 phase III multicenter trials. Several observations were made.
First, our study confirms the poor prognosis associated with MK in younger AML patients. Specifically, MK was associated with a lower probability of achieving a CR/CRi, a shorter OS and a shorter OS from CR/CRi, whether taking other prognostic factors into account or not. This is in concordance with prior observations that the CR/CRi rate for adult MK patients ranged from 14-43% and the OS rate from 9-18%.17158
In addition, we investigated whether the type of anthracycline given during remission induction affected the outcomes of MK patients among patients included in the AML-10 trial. Unfortunately, none of the assessed anthracyclines was associated with better outcomes among MK patients. These findings are consistent with the results of prior phase III trials showing that increasing the dose of daunorubicin was beneficial mainly in patients with favorable or intermediate-risk cytogenetics.2019
In the first analysis of the AML-12 trial, we observed that induction with high-dose cytarabine increased the proportion of patients achieving a CR/CRi and prolonged OS in patients younger than 46 years of age.1 This benefit was also observed in patients with adverse cytogenetic abnormalities and/or FLT3-internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations, as well as in those with secondary AML. Here we found no evidence of a benefit of high-dose cytarabine in the subgroup of patients with a MK. There was even a suggestion of a lower incidence of CR/CRi in MK patients randomized to the high-dose cytarabine arm. This finding could be explained by previous studies showing that up to 80% of MK patients have a mutation in the TP53 gene.21 Patients with TP53 mutation in their tumor cells are resistant to high-dose cytarabine, as has been demonstrated in patients with mantle cell lymphoma.22 Unfortunately, the TP53 gene mutation was not evaluated in the present study.
Finally, we investigated whether patients with a donor had an OS benefit in comparison to those without a donor. As previously demonstrated by us and by other groups of investigators, among MK AML patients with intermediate or unfavorable karyotype, the presence of a donor for an allogeneic HSCT prolonged OS.237 Interestingly, we made similar findings in patients with MK, suggesting a positive impact of allogeneic HSCT in this population of patients with a generally poor outcome. To our knowledge, our study is the first to investigate the impact of allogeneic HSCT in MK patients using a donor versus no donor comparison (which is considered as the gold-standard technique to address this question when donor availability is prospectively collected). These results were further confirmed in a Cox model handling allogeneic HSCT as a time-varying covariate and by comparing patients who received an allogeneic transplant from an HLA-matched related donor with those who received an autologous transplant. The three approaches, which are based on different assumptions, consistently indicated a positive impact of allogeneic HSCT. Among 20 patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT from an HLA-matched related donor, two were still alive and in follow-up 10 years after reaching CR, indicating a curative potential of the treatment. Importantly, our results are concordant with prior results from Kayser et al., who observed that allogeneic HSCT prolonged OS in younger (18-60 years of age) MK AML patients (using Mantel-Byar analysis)13, as well as with a recent publication by Cornelissen et al., who demonstrated better leukemia-free survival in younger MK AML patients offered allogeneic HSCT (using a time-dependent Cox analysis).18 This is also concordant with previous studies showing that, although the prognosis of MK patients remains worse than that of MK patients after transplantation, they have a 3-4 year OS probability ranging from 25% to 34%.2524 Interestingly, a study by the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation observed relatively comparable relapse incidence (HR=1.3, 95% CI: 0.7-2.6) and OS (HR=0.9, 95% CI: 0.5-1.6) in MK patients given grafts after reduced-intensity or myeloablative conditioning.25 This suggests that cure of MK patients after allogeneic HSCT might depend on immune-mediated graft-versus-tumor effects rather than on the intensity of the conditioning regimen.26
In summary, this retrospective analysis of two large prospective phase III trials confirmed the poor outcome of MK patients. We found no evidence that the outcome was affected by the type of remission-induction chemotherapy. Donor availability was associated with prolonged survival among patients who reached a CR/CRi, suggesting a positive effect of allogeneic HSCT in this population of patients. These findings highlight the need for further prospective studies assessing the best strategy to bring MK patients to an allogeneic HSCT. In addition, efforts should be made to prevent post-transplant relapse and decrease transplant-related mortality in MK AML patients. One possible strategy to do this could be post-transplantation prophylactic administration of hypomethylating agents, given their anti-leukemic activity in MK patients27 and their ability to prevent graft-versus-host disease.28
Footnotes
- Check the online version for the most updated information on this article, online supplements, and information on authorship & disclosures: www.haematologica.org/content/104/6/1168
- FundingThis publication was supported by a donation from the “Fondation Contre le Cancer” from “Belgium” through the EORTC Cancer Research Fund.
- Received August 17, 2018.
- Accepted November 29, 2018.
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