@article{Irving Donadon_John H. McVey_Isabella Garagiola_Alessio Branchini_Mimosa Mortarino_Flora Peyvandi_Francesco Bernardi_Mirko Pinotti_2018, place={Pavia, Italy}, title={Clustered F8 missense mutations cause hemophilia A by combined alteration of splicing and protein biosynthesis and activity}, volume={103}, url={https://haematologica.org/article/view/8357}, DOI={10.3324/haematol.2017.178327}, abstractNote={Dissection of pleiotropic effects of missense mutations, rarely investigated in inherited diseases, is fundamental to understanding genotype-phenotype relationships. Missense mutations might impair mRNA processing in addition to protein properties. As a model for hemophilia A, we investigated the highly prevalent <em>F8</em> c.6046c>t/p.R2016W (exon 19) mutation. In expression studies exploiting lentiviral vectors, we demonstrated that the amino acid change impairs both Factor VIII (FVIII) secretion (antigen 11.0±0.4% of wild-type) and activity (6.0±2.9%). Investigations in patients’ ectopic <em>F8</em> mRNA and with minigenes showed that the corresponding nucleotide change also decreases correct splicing to 70±5%, which is predicted to lower further FVIII activity (4.2±2%), consistently with patients’ levels (<1–5%). Masking the mutated exon 19 region by antisense U7snRNA supported the presence of a splicing regulatory element, potentially affected by several missense mutations causing hemophilia A. Among these, the c.6037g>a (p.G2013R) reduced exon inclusion to 41±3% and the c.6053a>g (p.E2018G) to 28±2%, similarly to a variant affecting the 5′ splice site (c.6113a&gt;g, p.N2038S, 26±2%), which displayed normal protein features upon recombinant expression. The p.G2013R reduced both antigen (7.0±0.9%) and activity (8.4±0.8%), while the p.E2018G produced a dysfunctional molecule (antigen: 69.0±18.1%; activity: 19.4±2.3%). In conclusion, differentially altered mRNA and protein patterns produce a gradient of residual activity, and clarify genotype-phenotype relationships. Data detail pathogenic mechanisms that, only in combination, account for moderate/severe disease forms, which in turn determine the mutation profile. Taken together we provide a clear example of interplay between mRNA and protein mechanisms of disease that operate in shaping many other inherited disorders.}, number={2}, journal={Haematologica}, author={Irving Donadon and John H. McVey and Isabella Garagiola and Alessio Branchini and Mimosa Mortarino and Flora Peyvandi and Francesco Bernardi and Mirko Pinotti}, year={2018}, month={Jan.}, pages={344-350} }